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SAT tips for reading structure questions. It also links to practice questions in the SAT blog.
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Free SAT Reading Structure Question
Tips
Purpose
The purpose of this page is to offer tips in the Structure questions. Essentially these are the questions connected to either the structure of the passage or writing conventions. It includes these types of questions. I have put the approximate % of overall reading and writing questions they occur in (ie the frequency they occur. Note that although there are only 4 types featured here, they do represent half of the questions typically featured in the SAT exam.
Synthesis (1%)
Notes to Summary (12%)
Writing Conventions (Grammar) (30%)
Linker Transitions (in underlined text) (7%”)
For tips on the other question types shown below click here
Central idea/ purpose/ structure (10%)
Vocabulary, (15%)
Function of Underline (3%)
Notes to Summary (12%)
Information (3%)
Logical Text Completion (8%)
Data Support (5%)
Linking Finding to claims (3%)
Linking quote to claims (3%)
Function of Underline (3%)
These questions can be seem as harder but it depends on the test taker. If grammar or the use of linkers has never been your strong point or you learned English later in life, you may find this section more challenging. These writing convention questions (ie grammar) are broken up into a series of principles because they represent the most frequently used questions of all of the SAT language questions/ Notes-to-summarize-a-passage tasks are often a new area for test takers, since many high school students only take notes occasionally in high school. Synthesis questions force one to compare claims and structures.
Browse through the menu of tips. These questions represent about half of the SAT English section.
If you are looking for individual section tests, click on the following displayed as a menu below:
Synthesis (1%)
Notes to Summary (12%)
Writing Conventions (Grammar) (30%)
Linker Transitions (in underlined text) (7%”)
For tips on the other question types shown below click here
Central idea/ purpose/ structure (10%)
Vocabulary, (15%)
Function of Underline (3%)
Notes to Summary (12%)
Information (3%)
Logical Text Completion (8%)
Data Support (5%)
Linking Finding to claims (3%)
Linking quote to claims (3%)
Function of Underline (3%)
These questions can be seem as harder but it depends on the test taker. If grammar or the use of linkers has never been your strong point or you learned English later in life, you may find this section more challenging. These writing convention questions (ie grammar) are broken up into a series of principles because they represent the most frequently used questions of all of the SAT language questions/ Notes-to-summarize-a-passage tasks are often a new area for test takers, since many high school students only take notes occasionally in high school. Synthesis questions force one to compare claims and structures.
Browse through the menu of tips. These questions represent about half of the SAT English section.
If you are looking for individual section tests, click on the following displayed as a menu below:
Question Types
Menu of SAT Reading Structure Tips (Click the Tip You Want)
SAT Notes to Summary Tip:
SAT Synthesis Questions Tip:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 1) Punctuation:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 2) Possessives:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 3) Conjunctions:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 4) Referents:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 5) Verbs:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 6) Linkers:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 7) Brevity:
SAT Synthesis Questions Tip:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 1) Punctuation:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 2) Possessives:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 3) Conjunctions:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 4) Referents:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 5) Verbs:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 6) Linkers:
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip (Principle 7) Brevity:
SAT Notes to Summary Tip: Identify student goal, filter relevant notes, evaluate by eliminating irrelevance in notes, noting absence and misrepresent information, prioritize precision and beware of partial matches that only half fulfill goal
Many test takers get stressed with these questions because it requires viewing notes in terms of not only accuracy but flow, main ideas and relevance. The prompt will outline what the student's goal is so pay attention to this and highlight the key action words that indicate this goal. Filter the relevant notes crossing out those that do not relate and keep only those that directly relate to the function. Omit options that take out required elements, add irrelevance and misrepresent the goal of the student. Prioritize precision and beware of partial matches because we tend to affirm matching information and ignore areas where added information is given that does not relate. Here is this advice outlined numerically:
For an example, notes-to-function, strategy task, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
- Identify the Student’s Goal
- Focus on the phrase: "The student wants to..."
- Highlight key action words (e.g., compare, emphasize, contrast, introduce).
- Filter Relevant Notes
- Cross out notes that don’t relate to the goal.
- Keep only notes that directly fulfill the function.
- Evaluate Answer Choices
- Eliminate options that:
- Omit required elements (e.g., only mentions one item when comparing two).
- Add irrelevant details (e.g., location when comparing length).
- Misrepresent the goal (e.g., describing instead of comparing).
- Eliminate options that:
- Prioritize Precision
- The best answer will exactly match the function without extra fluff.
- If the goal is to compare, the answer must mention both items clearly.
- Beware of Partial Matches
- Some choices may half-fulfill the goal (e.g., list facts without comparison).
For an example, notes-to-function, strategy task, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
SAT Synthesis Questions Tip: Identify both passages' claims, determine relationship, predict answer, eliminate easy incorrect choices and then confirm and match
To be clear, just because there are two passages and questions related to both doesn't mean they are synthesis questions. It is only when information of both passages are compared or contrasted that we would classify them as such. When it clearly does require comparison, it is important to review the claims in both passages, highlighting the main argument and whether the authors are for or against a particular issue. One needs to determine the relationship between the passages. Does passage 2 agree and support passage 1, contradict or challenge it, elaborate or clarify it. When we have a theory about the relationship look for what you would expect to find as evidence of the relationship. Then use a rigorous elimination process and match in terms of content and tone.
For an example, notes-to-function, strategy task, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
- Identify the Claims in Both Passages
- Underline the main argument in each text.
- Note tone (optimistic, skeptical, neutral) and key terms.
- Determine the Relationship Between Passages
- Agree/Support: Text 2 reinforces Text 1.
- Contradict/Challenge: Text 2 disputes Text 1.
- Elaborate/Clarify: Text 2 adds nuance to Text 1.
- Predict the Answer
- Based on the relationship, ask: How would Author 2 react to Author 1’s claim?
- Example: If Text 2 challenges Text 1, expect a critical response.
- Eliminate Wrong Answers
- Untrue to either passage: Misrepresents a claim.
- Irrelevant: Doesn’t address the relationship.
- Opposite relationship: Says "support" when passages contradict.
- Match to the Predicted Response
- Look for transition words that signal tone & content
- The correct answer will align with the tone and content of Text 2’s stance.
For an example, notes-to-function, strategy task, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
SAT Conventions of Standard English questions tip: Principle 1: Know the distinctions between clauses & phrases & know the punctuation associated with them
The first principle to understand is when to differentiate clauses and phrases. A clause is independent and can stand alone whereas a phrase in dependent and cannot stand alone/ In general it means that there is punctuation separating a clause and a phrase but not two clauses (comma splice). I have listed the following rules below:
1. Direct vs. Indirect Clauses Rule: No punctuation is needed for direct (identifying) clauses.
Passage (55 words):
Recent excavations in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings revealed a tomb adorned with hieroglyphics _______ archaeologists initially misattributed to a minor pharaoh. Further analysis showed the cartouches belonged to a previously unknown queen, rewriting historical narratives about women’s roles in the New Kingdom.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , which
B. that
C. ; which
D. : that
Answer: B ("that archaeologists initially misattributed..." is a direct clause modifying "hieroglyphics," so no punctuation is needed.)
Reflection: Students must recognize that "that" introduces a restrictive clause. The comma in A incorrectly makes it non-restrictive.
2. Names as Indirect clauses rule: Names used as an indirect clause/phrase (adjunct) still need punctuation
Passage (60 words):
The Nobel laureate Toni Morrison _______ whose novel Beloved explores the trauma of slavery, argued that marginalized voices must reclaim their narratives. Her essays, such as Playing in the Dark, dissect how American literature has historically sidelined Black experiences.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , a writer
B. ; a writer
C. – a writer
D. , a writer,
Answer: D (Commas correctly offset the non-essential (indirect) clause "whose novel… Because there is a comma after slavery, there needs also to be a comma after Morrison.")
Reflection: Names with descriptors often trick students into using dashes or semicolons. The key is to test removability.
3. Parentheses Rule: Parentheses must open and close without extra punctuation.
Passage (58 words):
The debate over deep-sea mining hinges on its environmental risks _______ proponents claim it’s necessary for renewable energy components, while marine biologists warn of irreversible ecosystem damage). A 2023 UN treaty imposed temporary restrictions, but enforcement remains uneven.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. (though
B. , though
C. ; though
D. : though
Answer: A (Parentheses must open without preceding punctuation.)
Reflection: If the sentence reads correctly without the parentheses, they’re non-essential. Here, "though" is part of the parenthetical.
4. Tracking Indirect Clauses Rule: Indirect clauses need commas at both ends.
Passage (62 words):
The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990 _______ has revolutionized astronomy by capturing images of distant galaxies, nebulae, and exoplanets. Its data confirmed the existence of dark energy, a discovery that earned the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , and
B. ; and
C. – a tool
D. , a tool
Answer: D (Commas offset the non-essential appositive "a tool that has revolutionized...")
Reflection: Long interrupting clauses require tracking both ends. Here, "a tool" must be enclosed by commas.
5. Comma After Introductory Clause Rule: An introductory dependent clause requires a comma before the main clause.
Passage (53 words):
Although the team predicted the software update would fix the glitch _______ users reported even more crashes within hours. Developers now suspect the issue lies in conflicting driver installations rather than the code itself.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , many
B. ; many
C. : many
D. many
Answer: A (Comma separates the dependent clause "Although..." from the main clause.)
Reflection: Introductory clauses are low-hanging fruit. If students see Although/While/Because, the answer is almost always the comma option.
6. Participle Phrases Rule: –ing phrases are not clauses and need commas.
Passage (57 words):
The mural, painted by local artists and funded by a community grant ______________from Indigenous settlements to modern immigrant stories. Its vibrant colors and layered symbolism have made it a beloved landmark.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , vividly depicting the neighborhood’s history
B. ; vividly depicting the neighborhood’s history
C. : vividly depicting neighborhood’s history
D. vividly neighborhood’s history,
Answer: A (Comma separates the participle phrase from the main verb "depicting.")
Reflection: –ed or –ing phrases before the main verb are modifiers, not clauses. Commas are required.
7. Semicolons for New Clauses Rule: Semicolons join independent clauses without conjunctions.
Passage (61 words):
The study showed a link between excessive social media use to increased anxiety in teens _______ among girls aged 13–17. Researchers suggest algorithmic targeting of vulnerable users exacerbates the problem, though causation isn’t yet proven.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. ; and this correlation was strongest
B. ; this correlation was strongest
C. : this correlation was strongest,
D. that this correlation was strongest
Answer: B (Semicolon links two independent clauses without a conjunction.)
Reflection: If the text after the blank could stand alone as a sentence, a semicolon is likely correct.
8. Semicolons in Complex Lists Rule: Use semicolons in lists with internal commas.
Passage (62 words):
The cookbook features recipes from three culinary traditions _______ which require precise measurements; Oaxacan moles, known for their complex spice blends; and Cantonese dim sum, often served with tea. Each chapter includes cultural notes alongside technical instructions.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. : including Parisian pastries,
B. , including Parisian pastries,
C. ; including Parisian pastries
D. including Parisian pastries,
Answer: A (Colon introduces the list; semicolons separate items with internal commas.)
Reflection: Lists with internal commas always use semicolons. The colon is correct because "including" is part of the lead-in.
9. Colons for Clarification Rule: Colons introduce explanations or definitions.
Passage (59 words):
The artist’s statement reveals her central motivation __________________the erasure of women from art history. Her portraits of Renaissance polymaths like Sofonisba Anguissola reclaim their legacies, blending traditional techniques with digital media.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , she seeks to challenge
B. ; seeking to challenge
C. : she seeks to challenge,
D. seeking to challenge
Answer: C (Colon introduces an explanation of "motivation.")
Reflection: Colons = "here’s the detail." If the text after the blank defines the preceding clause, a colon is correct.
10. Colons Before Main Clauses Rule: Colons can precede independent clauses.
Passage (54 words):
The poet’s late works share a unifying theme _________________. This tension between vitality and mortality reflects her own battle with illness, documented in her final letters.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , that even beauty must acknowledge decay
B. ; that even beauty must acknowledge decay
C. : even beauty must acknowledge decay
D. even beauty must acknowledge decay
Answer: C (Colon introduces an independent clause that clarifies the "theme.")
Reflection: Colons can replace that is or namely. Here, "even beauty..." is a complete clause explaining the theme.
11. Semi-colons & Colons vs. Linkers Passage (60 words):
The startup’s pitch was compelling ________________________Investors later admitted they’d overlooked red flags in their enthusiasm for the product’s novelty.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. but its financial projections were unrealistic.
B. ; but its financial projections were unrealistic.
C. : its financial projections were unrealistic.
D. its financial projections were unrealistic.
Answer: A (Colon should be a clarification but here you have a contrasting clause so a contrast conjunction is better)
Reflection: If a linker feels forced, a colon is better but it must be a clarification not a contrast. Here, "its financial projections..." stands alone as a critique.
12. Dashes for Indirect Clauses Rule: Dashes follow the same rules as commas, needing both at the beginning and end of indirect clauses
Passage (58 words):
The exhibit _______ curated by a team of forensic anthropologists, reconstructs facial features of historical figures using skull fragments. Visitors can see Cleopatra’s probable likeness alongside lesser-known figures like the Celtic warrior Boudicca.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , painstakingly curated by a team of forensic anthropologists-
B. ; painstakingly curated by a team of forensic anthropologists,
C. – painstakingly curated by a team of forensic anthropologists -
D. painstakingly curated by a team of forensic anthropologists,
Answer: C (Dashes are used in place of commas as indirect clause markers.)
Reflection: Dashes = commas for an indirect clause but they must be consistent at both ends
For an example, Conventions of Standard English punctuation questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
1. Direct vs. Indirect Clauses Rule: No punctuation is needed for direct (identifying) clauses.
Passage (55 words):
Recent excavations in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings revealed a tomb adorned with hieroglyphics _______ archaeologists initially misattributed to a minor pharaoh. Further analysis showed the cartouches belonged to a previously unknown queen, rewriting historical narratives about women’s roles in the New Kingdom.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , which
B. that
C. ; which
D. : that
Answer: B ("that archaeologists initially misattributed..." is a direct clause modifying "hieroglyphics," so no punctuation is needed.)
Reflection: Students must recognize that "that" introduces a restrictive clause. The comma in A incorrectly makes it non-restrictive.
2. Names as Indirect clauses rule: Names used as an indirect clause/phrase (adjunct) still need punctuation
- Names in apposition (non-essential info) require commas.
- phrases require commas if they are indirect, dependent & non-identifying (ie adjunct)
Passage (60 words):
The Nobel laureate Toni Morrison _______ whose novel Beloved explores the trauma of slavery, argued that marginalized voices must reclaim their narratives. Her essays, such as Playing in the Dark, dissect how American literature has historically sidelined Black experiences.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , a writer
B. ; a writer
C. – a writer
D. , a writer,
Answer: D (Commas correctly offset the non-essential (indirect) clause "whose novel… Because there is a comma after slavery, there needs also to be a comma after Morrison.")
Reflection: Names with descriptors often trick students into using dashes or semicolons. The key is to test removability.
3. Parentheses Rule: Parentheses must open and close without extra punctuation.
Passage (58 words):
The debate over deep-sea mining hinges on its environmental risks _______ proponents claim it’s necessary for renewable energy components, while marine biologists warn of irreversible ecosystem damage). A 2023 UN treaty imposed temporary restrictions, but enforcement remains uneven.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. (though
B. , though
C. ; though
D. : though
Answer: A (Parentheses must open without preceding punctuation.)
Reflection: If the sentence reads correctly without the parentheses, they’re non-essential. Here, "though" is part of the parenthetical.
4. Tracking Indirect Clauses Rule: Indirect clauses need commas at both ends.
Passage (62 words):
The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990 _______ has revolutionized astronomy by capturing images of distant galaxies, nebulae, and exoplanets. Its data confirmed the existence of dark energy, a discovery that earned the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , and
B. ; and
C. – a tool
D. , a tool
Answer: D (Commas offset the non-essential appositive "a tool that has revolutionized...")
Reflection: Long interrupting clauses require tracking both ends. Here, "a tool" must be enclosed by commas.
5. Comma After Introductory Clause Rule: An introductory dependent clause requires a comma before the main clause.
Passage (53 words):
Although the team predicted the software update would fix the glitch _______ users reported even more crashes within hours. Developers now suspect the issue lies in conflicting driver installations rather than the code itself.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , many
B. ; many
C. : many
D. many
Answer: A (Comma separates the dependent clause "Although..." from the main clause.)
Reflection: Introductory clauses are low-hanging fruit. If students see Although/While/Because, the answer is almost always the comma option.
6. Participle Phrases Rule: –ing phrases are not clauses and need commas.
Passage (57 words):
The mural, painted by local artists and funded by a community grant ______________from Indigenous settlements to modern immigrant stories. Its vibrant colors and layered symbolism have made it a beloved landmark.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , vividly depicting the neighborhood’s history
B. ; vividly depicting the neighborhood’s history
C. : vividly depicting neighborhood’s history
D. vividly neighborhood’s history,
Answer: A (Comma separates the participle phrase from the main verb "depicting.")
Reflection: –ed or –ing phrases before the main verb are modifiers, not clauses. Commas are required.
7. Semicolons for New Clauses Rule: Semicolons join independent clauses without conjunctions.
Passage (61 words):
The study showed a link between excessive social media use to increased anxiety in teens _______ among girls aged 13–17. Researchers suggest algorithmic targeting of vulnerable users exacerbates the problem, though causation isn’t yet proven.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. ; and this correlation was strongest
B. ; this correlation was strongest
C. : this correlation was strongest,
D. that this correlation was strongest
Answer: B (Semicolon links two independent clauses without a conjunction.)
Reflection: If the text after the blank could stand alone as a sentence, a semicolon is likely correct.
8. Semicolons in Complex Lists Rule: Use semicolons in lists with internal commas.
Passage (62 words):
The cookbook features recipes from three culinary traditions _______ which require precise measurements; Oaxacan moles, known for their complex spice blends; and Cantonese dim sum, often served with tea. Each chapter includes cultural notes alongside technical instructions.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. : including Parisian pastries,
B. , including Parisian pastries,
C. ; including Parisian pastries
D. including Parisian pastries,
Answer: A (Colon introduces the list; semicolons separate items with internal commas.)
Reflection: Lists with internal commas always use semicolons. The colon is correct because "including" is part of the lead-in.
9. Colons for Clarification Rule: Colons introduce explanations or definitions.
Passage (59 words):
The artist’s statement reveals her central motivation __________________the erasure of women from art history. Her portraits of Renaissance polymaths like Sofonisba Anguissola reclaim their legacies, blending traditional techniques with digital media.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , she seeks to challenge
B. ; seeking to challenge
C. : she seeks to challenge,
D. seeking to challenge
Answer: C (Colon introduces an explanation of "motivation.")
Reflection: Colons = "here’s the detail." If the text after the blank defines the preceding clause, a colon is correct.
10. Colons Before Main Clauses Rule: Colons can precede independent clauses.
Passage (54 words):
The poet’s late works share a unifying theme _________________. This tension between vitality and mortality reflects her own battle with illness, documented in her final letters.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , that even beauty must acknowledge decay
B. ; that even beauty must acknowledge decay
C. : even beauty must acknowledge decay
D. even beauty must acknowledge decay
Answer: C (Colon introduces an independent clause that clarifies the "theme.")
Reflection: Colons can replace that is or namely. Here, "even beauty..." is a complete clause explaining the theme.
11. Semi-colons & Colons vs. Linkers Passage (60 words):
The startup’s pitch was compelling ________________________Investors later admitted they’d overlooked red flags in their enthusiasm for the product’s novelty.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. but its financial projections were unrealistic.
B. ; but its financial projections were unrealistic.
C. : its financial projections were unrealistic.
D. its financial projections were unrealistic.
Answer: A (Colon should be a clarification but here you have a contrasting clause so a contrast conjunction is better)
Reflection: If a linker feels forced, a colon is better but it must be a clarification not a contrast. Here, "its financial projections..." stands alone as a critique.
12. Dashes for Indirect Clauses Rule: Dashes follow the same rules as commas, needing both at the beginning and end of indirect clauses
Passage (58 words):
The exhibit _______ curated by a team of forensic anthropologists, reconstructs facial features of historical figures using skull fragments. Visitors can see Cleopatra’s probable likeness alongside lesser-known figures like the Celtic warrior Boudicca.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. , painstakingly curated by a team of forensic anthropologists-
B. ; painstakingly curated by a team of forensic anthropologists,
C. – painstakingly curated by a team of forensic anthropologists -
D. painstakingly curated by a team of forensic anthropologists,
Answer: C (Dashes are used in place of commas as indirect clause markers.)
Reflection: Dashes = commas for an indirect clause but they must be consistent at both ends
For an example, Conventions of Standard English punctuation questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
SAT Conventions of Standard English questions tip: Principle 2: Know your possessives & follow 1) Poss Adj? 2) Plural or singular?
The following rules apply to matching a modifier with a modified verb or noun
1. Distinguish between Possessive Adjective vs. Contraction
Passage (58 words):
The nonprofit organization released _______ annual report yesterday, highlighting a 30% increase in community outreach programs. Critics praised the transparency of the data but questioned whether the metrics accurately reflect long-term impact.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. its
B. it’s
C. their
D. they’re
Answer: A ("its" modifies "organization" [singular].)
Strategy:
2. "One" acts as a singular pronoun
Passage (55 words):
To master classical piano, practice schedule must include scales, arpeggios, and repertoire drills. A 2023 study found that consistency matters more than duration, even if _______ limited to an hour daily.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. ones
B. one’s
C. their
D. your
Answer: B ("one’s" is the singular possessive.)
Strategy:
3. Collective Nouns (Singular/Plural) are singular if it functions as a unit, no matter whether it is comprised of parts. Therefore it acts as a singular noun.
Passage (60 words):
The committee submitted _______ final recommendation after months of debate. Some members dissented, arguing that the process overlooked key stakeholders, but the chair insisted the decision was unanimous.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. its
B. their
C. it’s
D. they’re
Answer: A ("committee" as a unit = singular its.)
Strategy:
4. Reflexive Pronoun are used when the subject and object are the same.
Passage (52 words):
The actor immersed _______ in the role by living as the character for six months. Critics hailed the performance as transformative, though some questioned the extreme method.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. himself
B. herself
C. themselves
D. itself
Answer: A ("actor" is singular; default to gendered himself unless context specifies otherwise.)
Strategy:
5. Antecedents cannot be ambiguous and must match pronoun with poss adj
Passage (62 words):
When a student submits _______ essay late, _______ risks a penalty unless they request an extension in advance. Professors often emphasize this policy during the first week of class.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. their, they
B. his or her, he or she
C. its, it
D. your, you
Answer: A (SAT now accepts they/their for singular antecedents.)
Strategy:
For an example, Conventions of Standard English plural/singular issues questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
1. Distinguish between Possessive Adjective vs. Contraction
Passage (58 words):
The nonprofit organization released _______ annual report yesterday, highlighting a 30% increase in community outreach programs. Critics praised the transparency of the data but questioned whether the metrics accurately reflect long-term impact.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. its
B. it’s
C. their
D. they’re
Answer: A ("its" modifies "organization" [singular].)
Strategy:
- Step 1: Identify the noun (organization = singular).
- Step 2: Eliminate contractions (it’s/they’re) and plural (their).
2. "One" acts as a singular pronoun
Passage (55 words):
To master classical piano, practice schedule must include scales, arpeggios, and repertoire drills. A 2023 study found that consistency matters more than duration, even if _______ limited to an hour daily.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. ones
B. one’s
C. their
D. your
Answer: B ("one’s" is the singular possessive.)
Strategy:
- Step 1: "Master" implies singular one.
- Step 2: "Schedule" needs a possessive → one’s (not your/their).
3. Collective Nouns (Singular/Plural) are singular if it functions as a unit, no matter whether it is comprised of parts. Therefore it acts as a singular noun.
Passage (60 words):
The committee submitted _______ final recommendation after months of debate. Some members dissented, arguing that the process overlooked key stakeholders, but the chair insisted the decision was unanimous.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. its
B. their
C. it’s
D. they’re
Answer: A ("committee" as a unit = singular its.)
Strategy:
- Step 1: Collective noun acting as one → singular.
- Step 2: "Members" later is a distractor; focus on the subject (committee).
4. Reflexive Pronoun are used when the subject and object are the same.
Passage (52 words):
The actor immersed _______ in the role by living as the character for six months. Critics hailed the performance as transformative, though some questioned the extreme method.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. himself
B. herself
C. themselves
D. itself
Answer: A ("actor" is singular; default to gendered himself unless context specifies otherwise.)
Strategy:
- Step 1: Singular subject → eliminate themselves.
- Step 2: No gender context → SAT defaults to himself.
5. Antecedents cannot be ambiguous and must match pronoun with poss adj
Passage (62 words):
When a student submits _______ essay late, _______ risks a penalty unless they request an extension in advance. Professors often emphasize this policy during the first week of class.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. their, they
B. his or her, he or she
C. its, it
D. your, you
Answer: A (SAT now accepts they/their for singular antecedents.)
Strategy:
- Step 1: "Student" is singular but gender-neutral.
- Step 2: "They/their" is preferred over his or her on the SAT.
For an example, Conventions of Standard English plural/singular issues questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip: Principle 3: Know your use of conjunctions & accompanying commas if needed
Conjunctions can mean the need for a comma and it may also mean a comma should not be used. How do we know when?
Core Rules:
For an example, Conventions of Standard English plural/singular issues questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
Core Rules:
- No Comma Needed when:
- Joined subjects with one verb (The cat and the dog play).
- Joined verbs with one subject (She runs and swims).
- Joined objects with one verb (He bought apples and oranges).
- Comma Required:
- Joining two independent clauses (IC, conjunction IC) but if the subject and verb is the same you can omit
- I study daily, but I struggle with math.
- I study hard but not daily.
- Joining two independent clauses (IC, conjunction IC) but if the subject and verb is the same you can omit
- Conjunctions to Memorize (FANBOYS):
- For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.
- These are not conjunctions (adverbs) but act as linkers - Therefore, However, Consequently, Also
For an example, Conventions of Standard English plural/singular issues questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip: Principle 4: Trace Referents Strategically
A referent is something that represents another word. Pronouns are common referents because they re[present nouns. We need to be sure what the referent represents before we make grammatical choices. Review the following core rules and do some of the examples I have posted below:
Core Rules:
1. Subject Pronoun Agreement
Passage (62 words):
The migration patterns of monarch butterflies, which span thousands of miles across North America, fascinate scientists because _______ defy traditional insect behavior. Recent tracking studies reveal that individual butterflies rely on a combination of genetic programming and environmental cues to navigate.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. they
B. it
C. this
D. that
Answer: A ("they" refers to plural "monarch butterflies.")
Strategy:
2. Reflexive Pronoun
Passage (58 words):
During the experiment, the robots programmed to perform complex surgeries demonstrated that _______ could adjust to unexpected complications without human intervention. This capability, once thought impossible for machines, marks a breakthrough in autonomous medical technology
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. itself
B. themselves
C. them
D. it
Answer: B ("themselves" matches plural "robots" and reflects self-action.)
Strategy:
3. Demonstrative Pronoun
Passage (60 words):
Medieval alchemists sought to transform base metals into gold, a pursuit rooted in both mysticism and early chemistry. _______ were often secretive about their methods, fearing theft or persecution, yet their experiments laid the groundwork for modern metallurgy.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. This
B. That
C. These
D. Those
Answer: D ("Those" refers to plural "alchemists" and emphasizes historical distance.)
Strategy:
4. Possessive Noun
Passage (65 words):
The debate over standardized testing often centers on _______ impact on student creativity. While proponents argue that tests provide accountability, critics contend that they prioritize rote memorization over critical thinking skills.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. their
B. its
C. it’s
D. the tests
Answer: B ("its" refers to singular "standardized testing.")
Strategy:
5. Ambiguous Antecedent
Passage (70 words):
When the orchestra performed Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, _______ interpretation of the final movement was praised for its emotional intensity. Critics noted that the conductor’s decision to use a slower tempo heightened the sense of triumph.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. their
B. its
C. his
D. the musicians’
Answer: B ("its" refers to singular "orchestra" as a collective unit.)
Strategy:
For an example, Conventions of Standard English plural/singular issues questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
Core Rules:
- Subject/Object Agreement: Match pronouns to their antecedents in number (singular/plural) and function (subject/object).
- Reflexives: Use -self pronouns only if the subject acts on itself (They hurt themselves).
- Demonstratives: This/that = singular; these/those = plural.
- Possessives: Distinguish plural nouns (students) from possessive nouns (students’).
1. Subject Pronoun Agreement
Passage (62 words):
The migration patterns of monarch butterflies, which span thousands of miles across North America, fascinate scientists because _______ defy traditional insect behavior. Recent tracking studies reveal that individual butterflies rely on a combination of genetic programming and environmental cues to navigate.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. they
B. it
C. this
D. that
Answer: A ("they" refers to plural "monarch butterflies.")
Strategy:
- Step 1: Antecedent = "monarch butterflies" (plural).
- Step 2: Eliminate singular pronouns (it/this/that).
2. Reflexive Pronoun
Passage (58 words):
During the experiment, the robots programmed to perform complex surgeries demonstrated that _______ could adjust to unexpected complications without human intervention. This capability, once thought impossible for machines, marks a breakthrough in autonomous medical technology
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. itself
B. themselves
C. them
D. it
Answer: B ("themselves" matches plural "robots" and reflects self-action.)
Strategy:
- Step 1: Subject = "robots" (plural).
- Step 2: Reflexive needed (adjust to complications implies self-action).
3. Demonstrative Pronoun
Passage (60 words):
Medieval alchemists sought to transform base metals into gold, a pursuit rooted in both mysticism and early chemistry. _______ were often secretive about their methods, fearing theft or persecution, yet their experiments laid the groundwork for modern metallurgy.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. This
B. That
C. These
D. Those
Answer: D ("Those" refers to plural "alchemists" and emphasizes historical distance.)
Strategy:
- Step 1: Antecedent = "alchemists" (plural).
- Step 2: Those implies temporal separation (medieval vs. modern).
4. Possessive Noun
Passage (65 words):
The debate over standardized testing often centers on _______ impact on student creativity. While proponents argue that tests provide accountability, critics contend that they prioritize rote memorization over critical thinking skills.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. their
B. its
C. it’s
D. the tests
Answer: B ("its" refers to singular "standardized testing.")
Strategy:
- Step 1: Antecedent = "testing" (singular).
- Step 2: Possessive needed → its (not it’s or plural their).
5. Ambiguous Antecedent
Passage (70 words):
When the orchestra performed Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, _______ interpretation of the final movement was praised for its emotional intensity. Critics noted that the conductor’s decision to use a slower tempo heightened the sense of triumph.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. their
B. its
C. his
D. the musicians’
Answer: B ("its" refers to singular "orchestra" as a collective unit.)
Strategy:
- Step 1: Collective noun = singular (orchestra).
- Step 2: SAT prefers singular pronouns for collective nouns acting as one.
For an example, Conventions of Standard English plural/singular issues questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
SAT Conventions of Standard English Questions Tip: Principle 5: Develop Verb Tense Strategies for SAT Writing and distinguish ...ing verbs vs ...ing participles, infinitives vs gerunds, present perfect vs simple past
The SAT test designers realize that most fluent English speakers know by instinct the correct verb tense. However, there are a number of cases where it may seem that the correct verb tense is ambiguous, particularly in larger complex sentences. Here is a guideline for approaching these questions:
Develop Verb Tense Strategies for SAT Writing and distinguish between ...ing verbs, ...ing participles, infinitives
1. -ing Verbs vs ...ing participles
Key Rules:
The athlete _______ hard for the Olympics when the pandemic disrupted training schedules.
A) training
B) was training
C) to train
D) having trained
Answer: B (Requires auxiliary "was" for past continuous)
Strategy: If -ing verb is alone, it's wrong unless it's clearly modifying something.
2. Infinitives (to + verb)
Key Rules:
_______ complete the project on time, the team worked overtime.
A) For
B) To
C) Having
D) Being
Answer: B (Shows purpose)
Strategy: When you see "to" at start, check if it explains why something was done.
3. Present Perfect (has/have + past participle)
Key Rules:
Recent excavations _______ that the ancient city was larger than previously believed.
A) show
B) showed
C) have shown
D) are showing
Answer: C (Discovery affects current understanding)
Strategy: Look for time clues like "recently" or implications that past action matters now.
4. Tense Consistency
Key Rules:
After the lab results came back, the doctor _______ the patient to stop taking the medication immediately.
A) tells
B) told
C) has told
D) will tell
Answer: B (Sequence: past event → past action)
Strategy: Underline time words and check what happened first.
For an example, Conventions of Standard English verb tense issues questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
Develop Verb Tense Strategies for SAT Writing and distinguish between ...ing verbs, ...ing participles, infinitives
1. -ing Verbs vs ...ing participles
Key Rules:
- As main verbs: Must use a "be" auxiliary (am/is/are/was/were)
- She is running now. (Present continuous)
- They were studying yesterday. (Past continuous)
- As modifiers: No auxiliary verb needed
- Running late, she missed the bus. (Participle phrase modifying "she")
- The girl sitting there is my sister. (Participial phrase modifying "girl")
The athlete _______ hard for the Olympics when the pandemic disrupted training schedules.
A) training
B) was training
C) to train
D) having trained
Answer: B (Requires auxiliary "was" for past continuous)
Strategy: If -ing verb is alone, it's wrong unless it's clearly modifying something.
2. Infinitives (to + verb)
Key Rules:
- Compound verbs:
- She wants to leave early.
- Subject modifiers:
- To err is human.
- Purpose clauses:
- He studies to improve his grades.
_______ complete the project on time, the team worked overtime.
A) For
B) To
C) Having
D) Being
Answer: B (Shows purpose)
Strategy: When you see "to" at start, check if it explains why something was done.
3. Present Perfect (has/have + past participle)
Key Rules:
- Action started in past but relevant now:
- Scientists have discovered new evidence. (Still important)
- Duration up to now:
- She has lived here since 2010.
Recent excavations _______ that the ancient city was larger than previously believed.
A) show
B) showed
C) have shown
D) are showing
Answer: C (Discovery affects current understanding)
Strategy: Look for time clues like "recently" or implications that past action matters now.
4. Tense Consistency
Key Rules:
- Keep tenses logical in sequence:
- When he arrived (past), we had already eaten (past perfect).
- Watch time markers:
- Last year... → Past tense
- Next week... → Future tense
After the lab results came back, the doctor _______ the patient to stop taking the medication immediately.
A) tells
B) told
C) has told
D) will tell
Answer: B (Sequence: past event → past action)
Strategy: Underline time words and check what happened first.
For an example, Conventions of Standard English verb tense issues questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
SAT Writing Principle 6: Mastering Linkers (Transition Words & Phrases)
A linker has a function - to connect two clauses that have a relationship. Linkers clarify relationships between ideas (contrast, addition, consequence, etc.). Choosing the correct one requires analyzing logic, context, and flow—not just grammar. One must determine the relationship and that involves sometimes checking beyond the immediate sentence. Follow my below strategies to determine the best linking phrase:
Strategies for Linker Questions
→ "However" (contrast) fits better than "Consequently" (cause-effect).
1. Contrast Relationship
Geisel’s The Cat in the Hat revolutionized children’s literature by blending whimsy with pedagogy. ________, his earlier drafts were rejected by publishers who deemed them too unconventional for young audiences.
A. However
B. Furthermore
C. Consequently
D. Specifically
Answer: A (contrast between success and initial rejection).
2. Consequence Relationship
The 18th-century Industrial Mechanization shifted labor from farms to factories, disrupting rural economies. ________, urban populations swelled as workers migrated for employment.
A. Nevertheless
B. Therefore
C. For instance
D. Likewise
Answer: B (shows cause-effect; migration resulted from disruption).
3. Example Relationship
Neuroscientists argue that bilingualism enhances cognitive flexibility. ________, a 2021 study showed bilingual children outperforming monolinguals in problem-solving tasks requiring mental adaptation.
A. Nonetheless
B. Accordingly
C. For example
D. Conversely
Answer: C (study exemplifies the claim).
4. Time/Sequence Relationship
The artist sketched the composition in charcoal, refining the outlines. ________, she applied layers of oil paint, gradually building texture and depth.
A. In conclusion
B. Meanwhile
C. Subsequently
D. Nevertheless
Answer: C (sequential action; "subsequently" = "afterward").
5. Elimination of Near-Synonyms
Critics praised the film’s visual effects but panned its dialogue. ________, its box-office earnings shattered records, proving audiences prioritized spectacle over script.
A. Regardless
B. Nevertheless
C. Moreover
D. Consequently
Answer: B ("nevertheless" contrasts criticism with success; "regardless" is redundant here).
For an example, Conventions of Standard English verb tense issues questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
Strategies for Linker Questions
- Identify the Logical Relationship
- Contrast? ("however," "nevertheless")
- Addition? ("moreover," "furthermore")
- Example? ("for instance," "specifically")
- Consequence? ("therefore," "thus")
- Time/Sequence? ("subsequently," "finally")
- Check Beyond the Immediate Sentence
- Linkers often bridge ideas across sentences or paragraphs.
- Example:
→ "However" (contrast) fits better than "Consequently" (cause-effect).
- Eliminate Near-Synonyms
- If two options (e.g., "nevertheless" vs. "regardless") imply the same relationship, both are likely wrong.
- If two options (e.g., "nevertheless" vs. "regardless") imply the same relationship, both are likely wrong.
- Match Linkers to Function
- Contrast: however, nevertheless, yet, conversely
- Addition: moreover, additionally, likewise
- Example: for example, for instance, to illustrate
- Consequence: therefore, thus, accordingly
- Sequence: finally, subsequently, afterward
- Avoid Illogical Placement
- "However" can’t join independent clauses without proper punctuation (e.g., "I like it, however, I…" → incorrect).
1. Contrast Relationship
Geisel’s The Cat in the Hat revolutionized children’s literature by blending whimsy with pedagogy. ________, his earlier drafts were rejected by publishers who deemed them too unconventional for young audiences.
A. However
B. Furthermore
C. Consequently
D. Specifically
Answer: A (contrast between success and initial rejection).
2. Consequence Relationship
The 18th-century Industrial Mechanization shifted labor from farms to factories, disrupting rural economies. ________, urban populations swelled as workers migrated for employment.
A. Nevertheless
B. Therefore
C. For instance
D. Likewise
Answer: B (shows cause-effect; migration resulted from disruption).
3. Example Relationship
Neuroscientists argue that bilingualism enhances cognitive flexibility. ________, a 2021 study showed bilingual children outperforming monolinguals in problem-solving tasks requiring mental adaptation.
A. Nonetheless
B. Accordingly
C. For example
D. Conversely
Answer: C (study exemplifies the claim).
4. Time/Sequence Relationship
The artist sketched the composition in charcoal, refining the outlines. ________, she applied layers of oil paint, gradually building texture and depth.
A. In conclusion
B. Meanwhile
C. Subsequently
D. Nevertheless
Answer: C (sequential action; "subsequently" = "afterward").
5. Elimination of Near-Synonyms
Critics praised the film’s visual effects but panned its dialogue. ________, its box-office earnings shattered records, proving audiences prioritized spectacle over script.
A. Regardless
B. Nevertheless
C. Moreover
D. Consequently
Answer: B ("nevertheless" contrasts criticism with success; "regardless" is redundant here).
For an example, Conventions of Standard English verb tense issues questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
SAT Writing Principle 7: Brevity is Better (unless it distorts the meaning)
Brevity questions happen when the question asks you to choose the best phrase. Often students find this tricky when they do practice tests because their mindset is often that the longer sentences are more sophisticated. However, brevity is a key quality in good writing. A core rule is that you should choose the shortest grammatically correct option that preserves the original meaning. Be careful with the latter part of that statement because sometimes shorter sentences might actually distort or omit information. Extra words must serve a clear purpose (e.g., clarity, avoiding ambiguity).
Strategies for Brevity
For an example, Conventions of Standard English Brevity questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here
Strategies for Brevity
- Eliminate Redundancy
- Cut repetitive words (e.g., "watch and observe" → "watch").
- Avoid tautologies (e.g., "3 weeks later" vs. "after 3 weeks later").
- Prefer Participles Over Wordy Clauses
- Use -ing phrases instead of conjunctions/relative clauses:
- ✅ "Steam condenses, leaving bubbles…" (7 words)
- ❌ "Steam condenses and then leaves bubbles…" (8 words)
- Use -ing phrases instead of conjunctions/relative clauses:
- Active Voice > Passive Voice
- Passive often adds unnecessary words:
- ✅ "More people use buses" (4 words)
- ❌ "Buses are used by more people" (6 words)
- Passive often adds unnecessary words:
- Check for Dangling Modifiers
- Shortest option may be wrong if it breaks logic:
- ❌ "On the verge of giving up, the story…" (dangling)
- ✅ "On the verge of giving up, Geisel…" (correct modifier).
- Shortest option may be wrong if it breaks logic:
- Compare Meaning
- If brevity distorts intent, reject it.
For an example, Conventions of Standard English Brevity questions, answers and post-task reflections and assessment click here